Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Science
Safety Handbook
Version 2.0

Version 2.0 of the Safety Handbook for Engineering and Science is available online. This handbook is provided to assist you in maintaining high standards of safety practices and programmes in adherence to the obligations of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act. It is required reading for all persons supervising laboratory activities, and for all students, researchers, and employees in the Faculties of Science and Engineering.

Due to the detail of these documents, we have a provided a hyperlinked table of contents for your convenience:

1 Introduction
2 McMaster University Health & Safety Policy
3 Purpose
     3.1 Mandatory Reading
     3.2 Responsibilities and Liabilities
     3.3 Disclaimer
4 Useful Telephone Numbers
5 Responsibilities for Safety at McMaster University
     5.1 Individual Responsibility
     5.2 Faculty and Staff as Supervisors
          5.2.1 Steps in the Resolution of a Health & Safety Concern
     5.3 Resolution of a Health & Safety Concern
          5.3.1 Right to Refuse
6 Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committees
     6.1 Workplace Inspections
7 Specific Emergency Procedures
     7.1 In Case of a Fire Alarm
          7.1.1 In Case of a Fire in Your Lab/Office
          7.1.2 Clothing on Fire
     7.2 Chemical Spill on Body
          7.2.1 Chemical Spill in Eye
          7.2.2 Chemical Spill Indoors
          7.2.3 Mercury Spill
          7.2.4 Chemical Spill Outdoors
     7.3 Biohazardous Spill in Level III Facility
     7.4 Radioactive Spill
     7.5 Medical Emergency
     7.6 Bomb Threats
8 Reporting Accidents/Incidents
     8.1 Workers' Compensation
9 Smoking Policy
     9.1 Inline Skating Policy
10 Fire Safety
     10.1 Fire Extinguishers
          10.1.1 Guide to Portable Extinguishers
     10.2 Fireproof Blankets
11 Safety Training Programs
     11.1 General Orientation
     11.2 WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System)
          11.2.1 Labels
          11.2.2 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
          11.2.3 Training
     11.3 Workplace Specific Training
     11.4 Other Health & Safety Training
12 Hazardous Waste Management
     12.1 Pathological Waste Disposal
          12.1.1 Pathological Waste Disposal Procedure
          12.1.2 Recommended Segregation and Containment
          12.1.3 Safety Recommendations for Pathological Waste
          12.1.4 Universal Precautions
     12.2 Hazardous Waste Chemicals
          12.2.1 Hazardous Waste Chemical Procedure
          12.2.2 Times of Waste Operation
          12.2.3 Safety Recommendations for Handling Hazardous Chemical Wastes
          12.2.4 Additional Chemical Waste Disposal Information
          12.2.5 Disposal of Empty Glass Containers
13 Laboratory Safety Equipment
     13.1 Fumehoods
           13.1.1 Fumehood Maintenance
           13.1.2 Fumehood Operation Guidelines
      13.2 Showers
           13.3 Eye Wash Stations
           13.4 Backflow Prevention
14 Personal Protective Equipment
     14.1 Gloves
     14.2 Eye Protection
     14.3 Laboratory Coats
     14.4 Hearing Protection
     14.5 Personal Protective Equipment Available in Scientific Stores
     14.6 Routes of Entry
15 General Recommended Guidelines for Working in Laboratory
     15.1 Procedure for Vacating Laboratories
16 Radiation Safety
     16.1 X-Rays - Generators
     16.2 Laser Safety
     16.3 U.V. Radiation
     16.4 Microwaves
17 Electrical Safety
     17.1 Static Electricity and Sparks
18 Biohazards
19 Compressed Gases
     19.1 General Precautions
     19.2 Cryogens
20 Legislation
     20.1 Designated Substances
     20.2 Occupational Health & Safety Legislation and Environmental Legislation
     20.3 Chemical Inventories
21 Storage of Chemicals
     21.1 Location
          21.1.1 Security
          21.1.2 Ventilation
          21.1.3 General Guidelines for Storage of Chemicals
     21.2 Compatible Groups
          21.2.1 Inorganic
          21.2.2 Organic
     21.3 Incompatible Chemicals
     21.4 Specific Storage Requirements
          21.4.1 Unstable Chemicals - Peroxide Formers
          21.4.2 General Precautions for Peroxide Formers
     21.5 Highly Toxic, Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Chemicals
     21.6 Corrosives
     21.7 Flammable Liquids
     21.8 Explosives
     21.9 Water Reactives
     21.10 Perchloric Acid
22 Resources for Occupational Health & Safety and Environmental Information
     22.1 References
     22.2 Video - Tapes

 

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1. INTRODUCTION

Safety standards are designed to reduce to an acceptable level the risks inherent in the use of dangerous materials and potentially dangerous procedures or practices. All laboratories can be inherently dangerous places and the attitudes and actions of those who work in the laboratory determine their own safety and that of their colleagues and ultimately that of the community.

Different standards are set for different levels of risk. High levels of risk require more stringent standards than lower levels of risks. Compromises are, therefore, made in setting safety standards so as not to impede much needed research while keeping risks of those involved to a minimum. Laboratory equipment and design has become more sophisticated and safer, but safe operation still depends on properly trained and genuinely concerned personnel, who are safety conscious all the time.

Throughout this manual proper training and knowledge of equipment and materials is stressed. With the WHMIS legislation suppliers are required to provide Material Safety Data Sheets and these should always be consulted prior to working with a new material. Always assure that a knowledgeable and safety conscious person trains you in the safe use of specific equipment. Document the training whenever possible.

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2. McMASTER UNIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY

It is the policy of McMaster University to provide and maintain healthy and safe conditions on its premises for all employees, students and visitors, by the enforcement of legislative requirements as contained in the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, Environmental Protection Act, their regulations, and other statutes, plus all policies, rules, or instructions issued by the University.

Both the employer and all employees are responsible jointly for compliance and enforcement of the rules and regulations and to take appropriate steps to prevent accidents, occupational illnesses, injuries, or adverse effects upon the natural environment.

It is the responsibility of all employees to familiarize themselves with the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations, plus other statutes and their regulations, and all university rules, or instructions that pertain to the health and safety of the work environment. Contact your departmental office, joint health and safety committee representative, or the Department of Environmental Health & Safety to obtain information.

Deans, chairs, research supervisors, managers and supervisors are responsible for the safety of employees, students and visitors who work and study within their areas of jurisdiction and for compliance with statutory and university requirements.

Employees have a duty to comply with statutory requirements and with a supervisor's instructions, work safely and report all unsafe and unhealthy conditions, not only in the interests of their own health and safety, but that of other employees, students and visitors.

It is the responsibility of all external contractors, sub-contractors and their workers to meet or exceed the university's environmental health and safety program requirements.

Although the Occupational Health and Safety Act exempts students from the legislation, they are required by University policy to comply with all University health, safety and environment rules.

All employees, supervisors, students and visitors will be held accountable for environmental health and safety performance.

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3. PURPOSE OF MANUAL

• To define Environmental Health & Safety responsibilities and accountabilities within the University Commmunity
• To outline specific policies where applicable
• To explain basic emergency procedures
• To provide information and standards in the form of established Safety Guidelines in laboratories.

The manual may be supplemented as new information becomes available or as new legal standards are developed.

3.1 MANDATORY READING

Every person working or intending to work in a laboratory must read this document.

3.2 RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES

Everyone actively engaged in laboratory work is legally responsible for safety performance. All laboratory personnel must meet the legal requirements of various environmental and health and safety statutes. It is expected that adherence to this manual is a good starting point for establishing an acceptable laboratory safety program.

More detailed and specific safety procedures and practices may be necessary. Everyone is encouraged to develop and use practices which exceed the basic information in this manual.

Any deviation from this manual must be to establish safer practices. Everyone should be able to justify that reasonable care and deliberation has been exercised before the implementation of any changes.

By not using recommended practices in this manual or safer alternatives, individual liability may increase.

Therefore, always take reasonable care to ensure that safety considerations are included in all laboratory endeavours.

3.3 DISCLAIMER

The Manual is intended to provide basic rules for safe work practices in a laboratory. The procedures may be supplemented with safer work practices where applicable.

The manual is by no means all encompassing and any omission is not an excuse for unsafe practices.

In all cases the individual supervisor is ultimately responsible for teaching safe work practices and must insist upon the use of such proper procedures to eliminate unnecessary hazards.

The individual supervisors must identify, and supplement this manual with safe procedures and training specific to the needs of their laboratory safety programs, when the safety subject is not adequately covered by this manual.

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4. USEFUL TELEPHONE NUMBERS

McMaster University Emergency Line 88
Central Utilities Emergencies 24229/27478
Central Utilities Emergencies, Heat and Ventilation concerns 24 hours
Mid Campus Physical Plant Team 24768
South Physical Plant Team 24273
Central Physical Plant Team 24216
Hazardous Waste Management 23314
PCB's - 23314
Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Director, Len Hong 24653
Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Safety Officer, Lisa Morine 23314
Accident Prevention Manager, Christel Farrell 23564
Poison Control Centre, Toronto 9-1-800-268-9017
Student Health Services (in McKay Hall) 24441
MUMC Emergency Room (84) - 5020
Security  24281
Public Emergency Line 9-911

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5. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAFETY
AT McMASTER UNIVERSITY

• Board of Governers
• President
• Vice-Presidents
• Advises Deans
• Directors
• Chairs/Managers Advise
• Supervisors
• Staff

5.1 INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY

It is the responsibility of each member of the McMaster Community to know all emergency procedures, location and use of safety equipment and exit routes in case of an emergency. Consult your supervisor for more information.

5.2 FACULTY AND STAFF AS SUPERVISORS

In the Occupational Health and Safety Act a supervisor's responsibilities are described.

Some criteria defining a supervisor are:

• a person who has charge of a workplace
• a person who hires or fires an employee
• a person who plans and distributes work
• a person who disciplines an employee or recommends any of the above.

A faculty member is a supervisor under certain circumstances, particularly when an employee directly or indirectly reports to the faculty member. Research technicians, departmental technicians, students hired and paid to provide service, clerical and administrative staff are some examples of employees for which the faculty member may be the supervisor.

The Occupational Health and Safety Act of Ontario (OHSA) expects and may legally require that the supervisor be held accountable for supervisory compliance to legal obligations.

Although supervisors may delegate safety tasks, they (the supervisors) are still held accountable for ensuring that the tasks are adequately performed.

The following is a summary of responsibilities according to the OHSA. Please refer to the OHSA for specific wording.

In Summary:

Employers (McMaster University)

• the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are in good condition
• provide information, instruction and supervision to a worker to protect the health or safety of the worker
• appoint a competent supervisor
• acquaint a worker or a person in authority over a worker with any hazard in the work
• take every reasonable precaution to protect the worker
• prepare and review a written health and safety policy at least annually and post this in the workplace

Supervisors

• ensures a worker works in a manner required by the Act and with the proper protective devices
• ensures a worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing required
• advise the worker of any potential or actual danger to the health and safety of the worker
• provide the worker with written instructions about measures and procedures for protection
• take every reasonable precaution to protect the worker

Workers

• work in compliance of the Act
• wear any equipment, protective devices or clothing that the employer requires
• report any defect in protective gear that may endanger him/herself or someone else
• report any contravention of this Act or any hazards
• shall not remove or alter any protective device
• operate or use any equipment in such a manner as to endanger him/herself or someone else.

5.2.1 STEPS IN THE RESOLUTION OF A HEALTH & SAFETY CONCERN

1. First Response - this must be with the supervisor according to legal requirements

2. Second Response - if no satisfactory resolution is achieved with the supervisor, the concern may be brought to the attention of the Departmental and/or Faculty Occupational Health & Safety Committee.

3. Third Response - at times the involvement of senior administration may be necessary.

- The Department of Environmental Health & Safety may be consulted at any time after the problem has been discussed with the supervisor.

4. Last Response - The underlying principle of the Occupational Health and Safety Act of Ontario is that of an internal responsibility system. Therefore, the Ministry of Labour should only be consulted if all other attempts (1, 2 & 3) have failed to bring satisfactory resolution to a health and safety problem.

5.3 RESOLUTION OF A HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERN

In Occupational Health and Safety matters the supervisor and workers share the responsibility for the "workers" safety.

In all cases, if a hazard or unsafe situation is identified, the worker must inform the supervisor as quickly as possible. The preferred method of resolution is between the supervisor and the worker, however the issue, if unresolved may require discussion at the Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee.

If the concern is relevant to the department or faculty, the supervisor should bring this concern to the attention of the particular faculty administration (i.e. Chair or Dean). A worker should raise this type of concern with their Joint Health & Safety Committee representation, if their supervisor has not adequately resolved the concern. Again, it is expected that the committee will decide if the concern is to be forwarded to the employer.

5.3.1. RIGHT TO REFUSE WORK

This right may be exercised by a worker who has reason to believe that any machine, equipment, device or thing he is to use or operate is likely to endanger himself or another worker, or that the physical condition of the workplace is likely to endanger himself or that any machine he is to use or place he is to work in is in contravention of the Act and is therefore likely to endanger himself or another worker.

When a worker uses his/her right to refuse the specific procedure spelled out in the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Section 43, must be followed.

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6. JOINT OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
& SAFETY COMMITTEES

The Faculty Health and Safety Committee is an advisory group of worker and management representatives. Both the Faculty of Engineering Joint Occupational Health and Safety committee and the Faculty of Science Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committee are the legally required committees for their respective faculties. McMaster University has 8 legal committees. Within each department of the Faculties of Science and Engineering there is a safety sub-committee. The names of the committees and their members should be posted outside the main departmental and faculty office. On each committee at least half of the representatives must represent "workers" (see Occupational Health and Safety Act S. 8(5). The legal committees have the following rights and responsibilities:

1. conduct monthly inspections to identify workplace hazards
2. obtain information from the employer
3. make recommendations to the employer
4. investigate work refusals
5. investigate serious accidents
6. obtain information from the Workers Compensation Board
7. review annually WHMIS training programs.

The committees also may hold monthly meetings.

The employer has a general duty to co-operate with the committee and assist it to carry out its responsibilities.

For a complete explanation of the function and role of the committee see "A guide for Joint Health and Safety Committees and Representatives in the Workplace" published by the Ontario Ministry of Labour. The booklet is available from the Department of Environmental Health & Safety.

6.1 WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS

Regular inspections of the workplace help to identify hazards and prevent accidents. It is the Departmental Safety Committee's responsibility to schedule and conduct regular inspections. The entire workplace must be inspected at least once a year.

Other workers and the employer must give the safety representative information and assistance to carry out these inspections. Most departments have developed check lists to help with the inspection process and have made it specific for their particular environment.

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7. SPECIFIC EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

7.1 IN CASE OF A FIRE ALARM

Immediately vacate the building VIA the nearest Exit Route. DO NOT USE ELEVATORS!

7.1.1 IN CASE OF A FIRE IN YOUR LAB/OFFICE

The safety of all people in the vicinity of a fire is of foremost importance.

• In the event of a fire in your work area shout "FIRE" and pull the nearest fire alarm.
• Attempt to rescue persons in immediate danger, but do not endanger yourself!
• If fire is small, extinguish using fire extinguisher or suffocate fire with blanket or other appropriate material, i.e. sand.
• Assure that the fire extinguisher is appropriate for the specific type of fire.
• Do not attempt to fight a major fire on your own.

Evacuate and close door; leave fumehoods on.

PHONE 88, GIVE LOCATION AND DETAILS.

Report all incidents to your supervisor, Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee and to the Department of Environmental Health & Safety within 2 days by filling out Safety/Incident Report Form.

7.1.2 CLOTHING ON FIRE

Douse with water from safety shower immediately

OR

Roll on floor and scream for help

OR

Wrap with fire blanket to smother flame (a coat or other non-flammable fibre may be used if blanket is unavailable).

N.B. - DO NOT USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER ON PEOPLE

PHONE 88, GIVE LOCATION AND DETAILS.

7.2 CHEMICAL SPILL ON BODY

• Wash thoroughly with water or use emergency shower immediately for 15 minutes, remove contaminated clothing. (Avoid modesty).
• Prevent further contamination of other body parts, especially face and eyes.
• Call 88 if medical aid required.
• Provide Material Safety Data Sheet to attending physician.
• Report all incidents to your supervisor, Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee and to the Department of Environmental Health & Safety within 2 days by filling out Safety/Incident Report Form.

7.2.1 CHEMICAL IN EYE

• Contact lenses must be removed immediately, if possible.
• Immediately flush eyes with water for at least 20 minutes.
• Hold eye open during flushing - ask for assistance.
• IF NECESSARY, CALL 88 FOR ASSISTANCE.
• Get medical attention.
• Provide Material Safety Data Sheet to attending physician.
• Report all incidents to your supervisor, Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee and to the Department of Environmental Health & Safety within 2 days by filling out Safety/Incident Report Form.

7.2.2 CHEMICAL SPILL INDOORS

Decide if you can safely handle the spill. If unsure, call 88 for assistance.

If safe to do:

1. Eliminate all ignition sources if flammable material is involved.
2. Dike, block or contain size or spread of spill by using appropriate absorbing material (sand, vermiculite, commercial absorbent, spill pillows, etc.)
3. Carefully remove other materials, containers, equipment from path of liquid/solid spills.
4. Turn on fumehoods to capture or direct flow of gases/vapours.
5. STOP, THINK! Carefully plan cleanup steps ---> get assistance to check your plan.
6. Carry out cleanup. Dispose of cleanup material as hazardous waste.
7. Contact Department of Environmental Health & Safety 23314, and Utilities Control Centre 24229 if malodorous/hazardous vapours are generated from chemical spill which can be spread outside of the localized area.
8. Report incident to Department of Environmental Health & Safety and to Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee. Write up Safety/Incident Report Form.

If unsafe or unable to clean up spill:

1. Call 88 for assistance or push the panic alarm where available. Fire alarm should only be pulled if situation is out of control.
2. Evacuate to safe location and prevent others from entry by posting warning signs.
3. Follow instructions of security officers until security defers the matter to University Officials.

7.2.3 MERCURY SPILL

Mercury vapours are highly toxic.

• Clean up immediately.
• Small amounts may be picked up with an aspirator bulb, medicine dropper or a mercury sponge.
• Place in container, cover with water and seal it.
• Mercury Spill Kits may be used where available. Mercury Spill Kits can be purchased from various safety and chemical suppliers.
• Once larger droplets are removed wash surface with mercury neutralizing solution such as 20% calcium sulphide or saturated sodium thiosulphate.
• If mercury has broken up into many globules, sprinkle sulphur powder, or commercial product over the area, leave for several hours before clean-up.
• Waste must be properly sealed and labelled with hazardous waste label.
• N.B. If a larger spill of mercury (i.e. a broken manometer) is involved area must be evacuated, closed off and warning signs posted.
• NOTE: The Threshold Limit Value (T.L.V.) for mercury is 0.05mg/m3.
• Call Department of Environmental Health and Safety at extension 23314 for instructions.

7.2.4 CHEMICAL SPILL OUTDOORS

• Contain spill rapidly by diking with suitable material (spill stockings, sand, vermiculite, etc.).
• Prevent chemical from contaminating ground water and sewer system.
• IMMEDIATELY CALL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY, EXTENSION 23314, FOR ASSISTANCE AND INSTRUCTIONS, GIVING DETAILS OF SPILL.
• Assure that spill site is not left unattended.
• Report all incidents to your supervisor, Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee and to the Department of Environmental Health Safety within 2 days by filling out Safety/Incident Report Form.

7.3 BIOHAZARDOUS SPILL IN LEVEL III FACILITY

• Alert all others present.
• Evacuate room.
• Close door and post "NO ENTRY" sign.
• Follow emergency contaminant release plan.
• Autoclave clothing.
• Wash all exposed skin with disinfectant.
• Inform principal investigator & follow instructions.
• MALFUNCTIONS OF CONTAINMENT FACILITIES MUST BE REPORTED TO BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE. CONTACT: FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES SAFETY OFFICE AT EXTENSION 24956
• Report any incident involving biohazardous material promptly to your supervisor, the Biosafety Committee extension 23453, and the Department of Environmental Health and Safety by filling out Safety/Incident Report Form.

7.4 RADIOACTIVE SPILL

• Call HEALTH PHYSICS, EXTENSION 24226, for advice.
• Consult the Radiation Safety Manual issued by Health Physics for details.

7.5 MEDICAL EMERGENCY

• Minor cuts or burns; get first aid (see Departmental list of first-aiders) and seek follow-up medical attention, if required.
• Major injury - call 88 (University line) - describe emergency and location
• Give any necessary first aid to injured person, keep warm and DO NOT MOVE UNLESS IN DANGER.
• Stay with injured until help arrives.
• Report all incidents to your supervisor, Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee and to the Department of Environmental Health & Safety within 2 days by filling out Safety/Incident Report Form.

7.6 BOMB THREATS

• No bomb threats should be ignored.
• IMMEDIATELY CALL SECURITY AT EXTENSION 24281.

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8. ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORTING

NOTE: All unusual incidents and emergencies whether personal injury resulted or not, must be reported and documented within 2 days, by filling out a McMaster University Safety/Incident Report. The person witnessing the occurrence, the person directly involved or the supervisor may fill out the report. Instructions are on the form. The report must be signed by the supervisor and the person reporting the incident. The forms are available from your departmental office and Department of Environmental Health & Safety.

An unusual incident could be a near accident, any incident that could have resulted in an injury, cuts, abrasions, needle sticks, burns, direct chemical exposure, etc.

8.1 WORKERS' COMPENSATION

If a person has received a work-related injury or has developed an occupational disease, the costs for medical aid and for the lost time resulting from the injury will be covered by the "Workers' Compensation Board of Ontario". The Department of Environmental Health and Safety must be informed immediately if an injury, which required medical aid, has occurred.

For more detailed information regarding Workers' Compensation, consult the Manager, Accident Prevention at extension 23564.

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9. SMOKING POLICY

McMaster University's Smoking Policy conforms with provincial and municipal legal requirements. With the exception of licensed food and beverage establishments, or private residence rooms, no smoking is permitted inside any campus building.

Fines of $2,000 may be assessed to anyone contravening the City Smoking By-Law. For a copy of the complete "Smoking Policy" contact the President's Office.

9.1 INLINE SKATING POLICY

This policy applies to all in-line-skating on campus whether done by persons working on campus, attending classes, conferences or sport events and it is the responsibility of all persons that engage in-line-skating to make themselves aware of the policy.

This policy shall also apply to the general public who use the property of McMaster for the purpose of in-line-skating. Notice of such compliance will be posted at each of the University's main entrances in an appropriate manner.

In-line-skating will be restricted to roadways only and shall not be performed on sidewalks, lawns or other areas not accessible by motor vehicles.

In-line-skating within any building of University is strictly prohibited. All in-line-skates shall be removed at the entrance to any building and cannot be used except at the exterior to the building exit. In-line-skating shall not be carried out on ramps specifically provided for mobility impaired persons.

In-line-skating is strictly prohibited on any prepared sport surface such as, but not limited to, the tennis courts, track areas or sports fields.

It is recommended that the in-line skater wear, as a minimum, the following safety equipment:

• helmet
• gloves
• wrist guard
• elbow and knee protection

Organized in-line-skating events on McMaster University property is strictly prohibited unless authorized in writing from the Conference Services Office.

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10. FIRE SAFETY

Every member of the McMaster Community is responsible for knowing the location of the nearest fire extinguisher, the fire alarm, and the nearest fire escape. Everyone should become familiar with the use of a fire extinguisher.

10.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Installed throughout campus according to the fire code. Physical Plant is responsible for their maintenance. They are inspected monthly.

All laboratories where flammable solvents are used must be equipped with a fire extinguisher.

If an extinguisher is used assure that it is prompt refilled. Immediately contact Physical Plant, extension 24302.

Problems with fire extinguishers - Phone extension 24302.

10.1.1 GUIDE TO PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS

In selecting the appropriate extinguishers for the laboratory, the type of combustible material must be considered.

• CLASS A fires involve ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.
• CLASS B fires involve flammable liquids and gases, oils, greases, tars, oil-base paints, lacquers and some plastics.
• CLASS C fires involve Class A and/or B materials in the presence of live electrical equipment, motors, switches and wires.
• CLASS D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, zirconium, lithium and any other finely-divided metals which are oxidizable.

10.2 FIREPROOF BLANKETS

Fireproof blankets, usually made of 100% wool, are used to wrap a burning victim to smother a fire. Do not wrap a standing person, because of a chimney effect; lay the victim down to extinguish the fire. The blanket should be removed once the fire is out in order to disperse the heat and thus minimize tissue damage. These blankets may also be used to keep injured persons warm. (Discard any fire blankets made with asbestos.)

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11. SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS

11.1 GENERAL ORIENTATION

Every new staff member at McMaster University has an opportunity to attend a general orientation to become familiar with structure and organization of the University.

11.2 WHMIS (WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM) MANDATORY TRAINING

Anyone working with or in proximity to hazardous materials must attend a WHMIS training session prior to commencement of work.

For laboratory personnel training is arranged through the office of Environmental Health and Safety for the Faculty of Science or Faculty of Engineering.

For office staff, training is offered by the Department of Environmental Health & Safety.

WHMIS

WHMIS stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information system.

This is Canada wide legislation and all workers that work with or are in the proximity of hazardous materials must have WHMIS training. WHMIS is also known as the "right to know" legislation. Workers are entitled to know the dangers of the materials they use on the job and how to protect themselves from these dangers by reading the labels and the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet).

WHMIS contains three major components:

1. Labels
2. MSDS
3. Training.

11.2.1 LABELS

The labels on the container may be from the supplier. In this case the label will contain information on material identifier, WHMIS hazard symbol, risk phrase, precautionary statement, first aid instructions, MSDS referral and the identity of supplier.

Another type of label is the workplace label. These are currently available at the ABB Scientific Stores and the Dept. Of Biology main office at no charge. The labels are used by employees when decanting a chemical from a larger container into a smaller container to be used within the labs.

Some departments use these labels on bottles already having a supplier label in order to keep track of when the chemical was received and who it belongs to. In this way, housekeeping is made easier in the lab.

Within WHMIS chemicals are put into 6 different classes to identify their hazards. Within these classes, there are symbols identified with each class. Within class D, there are three hazard symbols.

Class A Compressed Gas

• Substance in a gaseous state at room temperature and maintained in a cylinder or container under pressure.
• You should handle with care and keep cylinders away from potential sources of ignition.

Class B Flammable and Combustible Material

• One that will burn and is therefore a potential fire hazard.
• Keep material away from heat sources and other combustible materials
• Store in a cool, fire-proof area

Class C Oxidizing Material

• Material that yields oxygen or other oxidizer
• Organic Peroxides
• Poses a fire and/or explosion risk
• May burn skin and eyes upon contact
• Keep material away from combustible materials and sources of ignition, store in the areas designated by your supervisor
• Wear personal protective equipment (PPE)

Class D Division 1 - Poisonous and Infectious Material

Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects

• Potentially fatal poisonous substance or may cause permanent damage
• May burn eyes or skin upon contact
• Handle the material with extreme caution
• Avoid contact with the skin, eyes or inhalation by wearing PPE

Class D Division 2 - Poisonous and Infectious Material

Other Toxic Effects

• Poisonous substance that is not immediately dangerous to health
• May cause death or permanent damage as a result of repeated exposures over time
• May be skin or eye irritant
• May be a sensitizer which produces a chemical allergy
• May cause cancer, birth defects or sterility
• Should wear PPE to protect eye, face and hands
• Avoid inhaling
• Safely store the material in a separate designated place

Class D Division 3 - Poisonous and Infectious Material,

Biohazardous Infectious Material

• May cause a serious disease resulting in illness or death
• Take every precaution to avoid contamination
• Handle the material only when fully protected by engineering controls or proper equipment

Class E - Corrosive material

• Causes severe eye and skin irritation on contact
• Causes severe tissue damage with prolonged contact
• Harmful when inhaled
• Wear PPE, and keep containers tightly closed

Class F - Dangerously reactive material

• Very unstable, could undergo vigourous polymerization
• May explode as a result of shock, friction or increases in temperature
• Keep away from heat
• Store in a cool, flame-proof area
• Take extra caustion not to drop the container

11.2.2 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

MSDS are available for every substance controlled under WHMIS

The MSDS contains 9 Categories of information. They are:

1. hazardous ingredients
2. preparation information
4. physical data
5. fire or explosion hazard
6. reactivity data
7. toxicological properties
8. preventative measures
9. first aid measures

These categories can be listed in any order as long as the sections are complete.

Below with their definitions are some terms you may encounter within each category.

Product Information

Source of detailed information on the material. The emergency telephone number which enables a user to obtain hazard information and a physician or nurse to obtain information for medical diagnosis or treatment.

Hazardous Ingredients

Chemical identity of the controlled product or ingredient(s) of the product or of any ingredient in the product that is included in the Ingredient Disclosure List and is above specified concentration. The chemical identity must be disclosed if an ingredient has unknown toxicological properties or if the supplier believes it might be harmful.

Physical Data

Physical State: whether the material is normally a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature.

Fire or Explosion Hazard of Material

The circumstances and ease with which a material will ignite either spontaneously or from explsure to a high temperature or to a spark or open flame.

Reactivity Data

Chemical Stability: indicates whether a material is stable or unstable under reasonable, foreseeable conditions of storage, use or misuse. For unstable materials, conditions which may cause a reaction are listed.

Toxicological Properties

The means by which the material enters the body. This may be by inhalation, ingestion, contact with or absorption through the skin or eyes.

Preventative Measures

Devices or items of apparel worn to protect a worker from injury due to hazards that may be encountered.

First Aid Measures

Emergency treatment to be given in case of overexposure to the product via eyes, skin, inhalation and/or ingestion.

Preparation Information

Name and telephone number of the person(s) responsible for the preparation of the material safety data sheet. Date of preparation of the sheet.

The MSDS is valid for a period of three years.

11.2.3 Training

WHMIS Core training is done on continual basis throughout the year. This is a three hour training session and is mandatory for anyone working with or in the proximity of hazardous materials. More specific training should be done by your supervisor. This specific training is just as important as the core training.

Everyone should attend a WHMIS update yearly, information may be obtained from the Environmental Health and Safety Office.

11.3 WORKPLACE SPECIFIC TRAINING

This is the responsibility of the supervisor. The supervisor must assure that staff under his/her jurisdiction have been thoroughly trained and informed to carry out their duties in a safe manner. The specific training conducted by the supervisor includes the storage, handling, use and disposal of chemicals, electrical safety, hazard identification and information resources, equipment safety, and safety pertaining to a particular research project or procedure.

11.4 OTHER HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING

As the need arises other specific training sessions i.e. Asbestos, Compressed Gases, etc. are offered through the Department of Environmental Health and Safety and through individual departments.

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12. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Hazardous waste disposal is managed by the Department of Environmental Health & Safety. For information phone extension 23314.

Hazardous Chemical & Pathological waste disposal is regulated federally through Environment Canada, provincially through the Ministry of the Environment and Energy (MOEE) (Environmental Protection Act) and locally through the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth enacted Sewer-Use By Law.

It is McMaster University's policy to comply with all legislation to protect the environment.

1. Some implications of these laws are:
2. No hazardous materials are to be disposed of down the drain.
3. All hazardous materials must be properly identified, safely contained and disposed of through the established waste disposal procedures for pathological waste and hazardous chemical waste.
4. Every person that may use, handle or dispose of wastes, must be informed of the proper methods of disposal. This includes everyone working, researching, studying or teaching at McMaster University.
5. It is everyone's responsibility to adhere to established procedures and to comply with the law.

NOTE: IF CONVICTED OF CONTRAVENING THE REGIONAL SEWER-USE BY-LAWS, FINES UP TO $30,000 MAY BE LEVIED TO YOU OR YOUR DEPARTMENT.

12.1 PATHOLOGICAL WASTE DISPOSAL

PATHOLOGICAL WASTES are infectious or suspect infectious materials, other biological or biologically contaminated materials, which require special disposal procedures.

Included are:

• Human Anatomical Parts
• Animal Anatomical Parts
• Non-Anatomical
  1. General - waste contaminated with viable biological material i.e. dressings, swabs, plastic ware
  2. Glass - biologically contaminated glassware such as pipettes, slides, etc.
  3. Sharps - needles, syringes, blades

12.1.1 PATHOLOGICAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROCEDURE

1. Segregate pathological waste and put in proper containment i.e. autoclave bags

2. Label waste according to above categories - autoclave if necessary

3. Transport to Psychology Building - Cold Storage Room

or

Life Sciences - Cold Storage Room

4. Transfer contained wastes into Pathological Waste Boxes

5. A contracted, licensed and MOEE approved carrier seals and removes the waste boxes for legally acceptable disposal

12.1.2 RECOMMENDED SEGREGATION AND CONTAINMENT

Category Container

• Human - Anatomical Intact plastic bag
• Animal - Anatomical Intact plastic bag
• Non-Anatomical - General Intact plastic bag
  • Glass -  Hard shelled plastic container with tight-fitting lid
  • Sharps - Hard shelled plastic container with tight-fitting lid

NOTE: DO NOT package human anatomical wastes with other wastes.

12.1.3 SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PATHOLOGICAL WASTE

1. Consult departmental/university and research safety procedures before working with biohazardous materials.
2. Where applicable work according to MRC (Medical Research Council) guidelines.
3. Be familiar with and work according to Universal Safety Precautions when handling infectious or suspected infectious materials.
4. Be familiar with:
   • the location and proper use of emergency equipment
   • the location and proper use of protective equipment
   • the location of material safety data sheets
   • the procedures to be used in the event of:
   • emergency spill,
   • personal injury, or
   • fire.

12.1.4 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

Applies to all blood, body fluids, body tissues or extracts.

1. Gloves should be worn when coming in contact with blood or body fluids.
2. Wash hands when contaminated or immediately after gloves are removed.
3. Take precautions to prevent injuries by sharp instruments. DO NOT RECAP NEEDLES
4. Use only mechanical pipetting devices.
5. Use biological safety cabinet or fumehood whenever procedures such as blending, sonicating or vigourous mixing may generate aerosols.
6. Decontaminate work surfaces daily or after a spill. Use 1 in 10 dilution of household bleach, 70% ethanol or alternative germicide. Dispose of pathogenic waste in the proper containment.
7. Remove all lab coats and other protective clothing before leaving the lab.
8. Decontaminate all equipment prior to repair or relocation.

Hepatitis B vaccine or other relevant vaccinations are recommended.

12.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE CHEMICALS

Hazardous Waste Chemicals are materials which are of no further research, academic or commercial use, which cannot be recycled, reclaimed or rendered non-hazardous. Hazardous wastes may be characterized as one or more of the following:

• Explosive
• Flammable/Combustible
• Reactive
• Oxidizing
• Toxic (Immediate or Chronic)
• Corrosive (pH <5.5 or >9.5)
• Compressed Gases

12.2.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE CHEMICAL PROCEDURE

1. Choose proper containment to match volume and type of waste. (Tighten lids where applicable.) Do not completely fill bottles.
2. Do not mix incompatible waste chemicals. (See 21.10)
3. Keep halogenated and non-halogenated wastes separate. (> 0.5% halogens content constitutes halogenated waste) Halogens are Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine, or Iodine.
4. Keep record of waste in container.
5. Fill out Red Waste label completely and assure proper attachment onto the waste container.
6. Every container must be clearly labelled.
7. Complete waste inventory form.
8. Transport waste plus inventory form using safety containers or special cart available during waste operation times from safety technician to ABB basement receiving area at specified times. WASTE WILL BE ACCEPTED BY SAFETY OFFICER.
9. Life Sciences occupants adhere to established Biology Policy

RE: Hazardous chemical waste.

DISPOSAL TIMES AT LIFE SCIENCES ARE TUESDAYS 1:15 - 1:45 p.m.

In the basement of LSB beside the elevator

WASTE LABELS AND INVENTORY FORMS are available from CHEMICAL STORES in the Arthur Bourns Building, in Biology's Main Office, or from the office of Environmental Health & Safety Gilmour Hall B111 at no charge.

12.2.2 TIMES OF WASTE OPERATION

Arthur Bourns Basement Receiving Area
Every Tuesday
9:30 - 11:30 a.m.
UNLESS OTHERWISE POSTED

NOTE: UNLABELLED WASTES WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED!

OWNERSHIP & LIABILITY FOR WASTES REMAINS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GENERATOR UNTIL ACCEPTANCE BY THE FINAL CONTRACTED EXTERNAL RECEIVER.

12.2.3 SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HANDLING HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTES

1. Before starting an experiment using chemicals make sure you know all the properties and compatibilities by checking the Material Safety Data Sheets, other appropriate resources, and by checking with your supervisor.
2. Decide before hand what type of waste will be produced and use the safest way to dispose of the waste. Document your waste disposal procedure in your laboratory notebook and specify which waste bottle you are going to use. Put the date on the waste jar the first time that you use it.
3. When dealing with small quantities of concentrated mixtures of acids, dilute them into water and then neutralize them, before disposal.
4. Never store wastes in the laboratory longer than necessary. Research the properties of the waste you are generating to determine the time the waste may be safely stored. Always date your waste!! Under no circumstances should the waste be stored longer than 3 months. Always use a container that is appropriate for the volume and type of waste you are generating.
5. Label the bottle with the red McMaster University Waste label prior to putting the waste into the bottle. List your name and exact composition of chemicals. Ensure that the date is filled in.
6. Waste bottles should be used by one person only to control the possibility of some incompatible chemical being added. The only exception would be pure solvents. These must be separated into halogenated and non-halogenated and clearly labelled.
7. Never add waste to a bottle with unknown content!!
8. Fill bottles only about 3/4 full.
9. Ensure that venting is possible by not tightening the lid.
10. Wear proper personal protective equipment when handling waste i.e. chemical safety goggles, lab coats, gloves and safety carriers for waste bottles.
11. Be familiar with:
    • the location and proper use of emergency equipment
    • the location of material safety data sheets
    • the procedure to be used in the event of:
      • an emergency spill
      • personal injury, or
      • fire.

12.2.4 ADDITIONAL CHEMICAL WASTE DISPOSAL INFORMATION

Chemical Hazardous Waste is managed by the Safety Officer of the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. An inventory is kept of all wastes received.

N.B. CHEMICAL WASTE DISPOSAL IS COSTLY.

For example, disposal of a "lab-pack" containing 60-70 l. of waste chemicals costs $500.00. Some special chemicals such as air and water reactives or cyanides cost $150.00/kg to dispose. Therefore, please:

• be environmentally conscious!
• minimize generation of wastes whenever possible
• replace highly toxic chemicals with less toxic materials
• buy only quantities needed - it is more economical in the long run
• plan ahead - use "cradle to grave" approach
• donate chemicals to fellow researchers
• return unopened chemicals to supplier, if possible
• render end product non-toxic, if possible
• arrange for the return of lecture bottles of compressed gases to vendors. Use only vendors which accept, at no cost, return of empty cylinders.

NOTE: The Safety Officer will assist with any attempts made to recycle material, especially larger quantities. Informal exchange of chemicals among researchers is frequently arranged.

Please call extension 23314 for information.

SPECIAL DISPOSAL PROBLEMS - i.e. Peroxides or highly reactive compounds, please contact the office of Environmental Health and Safety at extension 23314 for instructions.

12.2.5 DISPOSAL OF EMPTY GLASS CONTAINERS that contained chemicals:

1. Rinse empty bottles with water if content was water soluble, deface label and place in hallway for custodial pick-up.
2. If chemical is toxic, collect initial concentrated rinse and discard via the Hazardous Chemical Waste stream.
3. Leave empty solvent bottles in fumehood with lid removed until liquid residue has evaporated before placing in the hallway for custodial pickup.

13. LABORATORY SAFETY EQUIPMENT

13.1 FUMEHOODS

Properly functioning fumehoods are an important safety device in a laboratory.

In emergency situations such as fires, gaseous emissions or spills in a fumehood always pull the sash down completely and assure hood fans are turned on.

13.1.1 FUMEHOOD MAINTENANCE

Fumehood maintenance is the responsibility of the Department of Physical Plant.

Fumehoods are checked annually for:

• exhaust volume
• motor speed
• condition of ventilation system

Fumehoods are maintained to operate within the original design specifications

In case of malfunction call:

• ext. 24229 during normal working hours
• ext. 24229 after hours, and state if immediate emergency service is required.

13.1.2 FUMEHOOD OPERATION GUIDELINES

• All work involving hazardous or malodorous materials should be done in operating fumehoods.
• Any hazardous material used outside of the fumehoods must be used safely!
• Keep all chemicals and equipment 6 inches behind the sash during experiments.
• If possible, set up equipment a couple of inches above the working surface of the hood to maintain efficient air flow. Ensure that equipment is stable.
• Close the sash completely whenever the hood is on and unattended.
• Keep the sash completely lowered any time no "hands-on" part of an experiment is in progress.
• All electrical devices should be connected outside of the hood to avoid sparks which may ignite a flammable or explosive chemical.
• Do not use the hood if the exhaust system is not in operation. A tissue taped to the sash or inside the hood provides a good indicator of air flow.
• Do not put your head inside the hood at any time.
• The hood is not a substitute for personal protective equipment. Wear gloves, aprons, safety glasses, etc. as appropriate.
• Keep the sash clean and clear.
• Clean all chemical residues from the hood chamber after each use.
• Visually inspect the baffles before using the hood to be sure the slots are open and unobstructed.
• Minimize storage of hazardous waste in hoods and dispose of collected waste promptly.
• Use flammable safety cabinet for storage of flammable waste.

13.2 SHOWERS

• All wet labs must be equipped with safety showers if possibility of injury to the skin due to contact with a chemical exists.
• Each laboratory should conduct periodic checks to ensure that showers work properly. Mark the date when checked.

13.3 EYE WASH STATIONS

• All wet laboratories must have eye wash stations.
• To prevent possible amoeba infections, each eye wash station should be tested weekly by letting the water run for several minutes.

13.4 BACKFLOW PREVENTION

• Backflow preventers are designed to prevent the backflow of contaminated water into potable supply lines.
• This condition could arise when hoses or pipes are connected to existing water supplies and a reversal or drop of water pipe pressure occurs, causing a reverse flow of contaminated water.
• To prevent this reverse flow, backflow preventers must be installed into these additional systems. For more information you may call the Physical Plant at extension 24214.
• NOTE: Backflow protection is a legal requirement. The city can shut off the water supply to specific buildings if non-compliance occurs.

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14. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

For any work in a laboratory a lab coat, eye protection, gloves and proper footwear is recommended.

Personal protective equipment suitable for the operation as specified by the supervisor must be worn.

It is the individual's responsibility to maintain personal protective equipment in good condition.

The supervisors are responsible for supplying the required personal protective equipment.

14.1 GLOVES

Gloves can protect your hands from many hazards.

There are many different types of protective gloves available and they should be chosen carefully to offer the best protection for specific procedures and chemicals. Be aware that different glove materials have different chemical permeabilities and this should be checked with the manufacturer before choosing a specific glove type.

Nitrile and neoprene gloves offer good protection against chemicals.

Always check the integrity of your gloves before starting work.

Scientific stores carry a number of different gloves but for specialized needs individual orders must be made through Purchasing.

Remove gloves, before leaving the laboratory.

14.2 EYE PROTECTION

Remember contact lenses should not be worn while working in a laboratory with chemicals.

Depending on the protection required during a specific procedure regular safety glasses, chemical safety goggles or a full face shield may be necessary.

Again, follow your supervisor's established procedural guidelines.

Prescription safety glasses are not covered by the Major Medical Benefits Plan and individuals must make their own arrangements for the provision of these.

NOTE: In most laboratories eye protection is a requirement.

14.3 LAB COATS

Lab coats provide additional protection and it is recommended that they be worn at all times in a lab especially when working with chemicals.

Contaminated lab coats should not be washed at home with other laundry.

Lab coats should not be worn outside of the laboratory, except when going from one lab to another.

14.4 HEARING PROTECTION

It is recommended that hearing protection be worn if average noise levels exceed 85 db(A) (decibels) over an 8 hour period. It is permissible to be at noise levels greater than 85 dBA for short periods of time without hearing protection. Contact the Department of Environmental Health & Safety for more information.

Again follow procedural guidelines.

14.5 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE IN SCIENTIFIC STORES

• disposable lab coats, rubber aprons
• vinyl, latex, neoprene, nitrile and rubber gloves
• insulating gloves
• safety glasses and safety goggles
• face shields
• ear plugs

For specialized personal protective needs consult safety supply companies.

14.6 ROUTES OF ENTRY

Inhalation is the most common route of entry into the body. Other routes are ingestion, absorption and the eyes.

Ingestion-material enters the body by mouth. Ingestion of toxic materials may occur as a result of eating or drinking in a contaminated work area. Also may occur by mouth pipetting, which is not an acceptable practice.

Skin and Eye Absorption-Material that enter by these routes may cause local effects or may be absorbed by the body.

Inhalation-Material taken in through the lungs. Most common route of entry. Odour may not be detectable at a level which will not harm you. Exercise caution.

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15. GENERAL RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES
FOR WORKING IN LABORATORIES

• Always be prepared and informed. Know the safety rules and safe procedures.
• Eating and drinking is only allowed in designated clean areas away from hazardous materials and radioactive sources.
• Food and drinks are not to be stored in laboratory refrigerators.
• Working alone especially at off hours is discouraged. Always check with your supervisor if specific procedures require a buddy system. Check the policies in your department regarding "working alone" during off hours and stick to these policies.
• There is to be no mouth pipetting.
• Transport hazardous chemicals (i.e. solvents) and chemical waste in approved safety carriers or on special waste cart available on days of waste operation from safety technician.
• Reagents and samples must be labelled as require by WHMIS legislation.
• Experiments should only be left unattended when it is safe s known or suspected to be toxic or environmentally damaging must be disposed of following the hazardous waste chemical disposal procedures.
• No hazardous chemicals are permitted to be placed into the sewer systems.
• All chemicals must be labelled with the exact chemical name. Other materials must be properly labelled.
• Shock sensitive, reactive or explosive materials must be carefully handled to prevent uncontrolled reactions.

Equipment

• Hazardous chemicals must be removed from equipment before the disposal of the equipment. Some examples of hazardous materials within equipment are heavy metal particulates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), mercury, oils, chlorofluorocarbons, compressed gas(es), or pressurized containers.
• Equipment cavities, sufficiently large to entrap children, must be left open by complete removal of hinged, or fastened doors or coverings.

Radioactive Materials

• Radioactive materials must be disposed of according to university rules. Contact Health Physics, extension 24226, if further guidance is required.

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16. RADIATION SAFETY

For Ionizing Radiation (Isotopes, X-Rays) Safety Matters at McMaster University, contact the Department of Health Physics, extension 24226.

All Radiation Safety Policies and Procedures must be strictly adhered to.

16.1 X-RAYS - GENERATORS

• Study and follow all precautions specified by the supplier of the instrument before using it.
• Warning signs must be displayed on or near the main power switch of the instrument and on the entry door to the location.
• X-Ray safety is regulated by the Ontario Ministry of Labour and all activities must comply with this regulation.
• Contact Health Physics at extension 24226 for more detailed information.

16.2 LASER SAFETY

• Study and follow all safety precautions specified by the supplier of the instrument before using it.
• If possible, keep laser beams at or below waist level.
• Always wear eye protection that is specified for the particular wave length and power level used.
• Never look directly at the beam or pump source.
• Use the image converter to look at the beam pattern directly.
• Assure that there are no unwanted reflective objects in or along the beam (even buttons or screw heads could be dangerous).
• Keep the general illumination level high to avoid pupil dilation.
• Post warning signs in laser areas and on doors leading to those areas.
• Homemade lasers must conform to all safety rules applied to similar commercial lasers.

16.3 UV RADIATION

• Ensure that all safety precautions recommended by the manufacturer of the instrument are adhered to.
• If UV lamps are used, protective safety glasses with UV filtering lenses must be worn.
• Protect all skin from UV radiation.
• Do not touch mercury lamp with oily fingers - this may cause spot heating and cracking.
• UV sources should be operated within an enclosure and adequately cooled to prevent the mercury lamp from exploding and leaking mercury vapour.

16.4 MICROWAVES

• Do not attempt to operate microwave ovens with the door open.
• Do not tamper with or defeat safety interlocks.
• Assure that seals around door are clean and undamaged.
• Loosen lids on containers to relieve pressure buildup during heating process.
• Do not use metal containers in microwaves.

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17. ELECTRICAL SAFETY

• All electrical equipment, 50 volts or greater capacity, must be approved by an agency acceptable within Ontario. Therefore, CSA, OH, ULC, approval must be sought from the electrical authorities.
• All electrical apparatus must be properly grounded.
• Any two-pin device must be CSA approved.
• Never remove the ground pin of a 3 pronged plug.
• Minimize the use of extension cords on a permanent basis. Ask Physical Plant to install more outlets.
• Only qualified and trained people should repair or modify electrical or electronic equipment.
• Electrical equipment must have spark protection in areas where there is a danger of fire or explosion.
• Do not use portable space heaters in proximity of combustible and flammable material.
• Circuit breaker panels must be easily accessible and clearly marked. Familiarize yourself with their location.
• Frayed wires, cords must not be used.
• Do not use electric wires as supports and never pull on live wires.
• Ensure that all wires are dry before plugging into circuits.
• All electrically energized equipment when immersed in liquids must have ground fault interruptors.

17.1 STATIC ELECTRICITY AND SPARKS

STATIC ELECTRICITY AND SPARKS MAY CAUSE A FIRE UNDER THE RIGHT CIRCUMSTANCES. ALWAYS BE CONSCIOUS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR GENERATING SPARKS.

Some protection from static electricity and sparks is obtained by proper grounding and bonding of containers and equipment.

A dry atmosphere promotes the formation of electrical charges.

Common sources of sparks and static electicity are:

• decanting of organic liquids from one metal container to another.
• plastic aprons
• metal clamps, nipples or wires used with non-conducting hoses
• gases released quickly from cylinders under high pressure
• switches and thermostats
• electrical contacts (light switches & thermocouples, refrigerators) may produce sparks.

18. BIOHAZARDS

Before commencing new experiments involving biohazards, consult with the Biosafety Committee to determine the required level of containment.

Information on the Biosafety Committee may be obtained from the Safety Office in the Faculty of Health Sciences, extension 24956.

The Medical Research Council of Canada and Health and Welfare Canada have published guidelines commonly referred to as M.R.C. guidelines, which must be adhered to at all times when dealing with biohazardous work.

Some general guidelines are:

• Smoking, eating, drinking and storage of food or tobacco is prohibited in all areas where biohazards are stored or handled.
• Wash hands frequently.
• Protective clothing must be worn by all personnel.
• Remove protective clothing and gloves when exiting laboratory.
• Never pipette by mouth.
• Follow recommended procedures for decontamination of work surfaces and equipment.
• Warning signs must be posted in areas where biohazardous work is done.

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19. COMPRESSED GASES

"Compressed Gases" is a generic term and includes compressed gases, liquified compressed gases and cryogenic liquified gases. Different hazards are associated with compressed gases depending on their physical and toxicological properties. Always read the labels carefully and check the Material Safety Data Sheets for a particular type of gas.

19.1 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

• The following general precautions must be followed when dealing with compressed gases.
• Cylinders of compressed gases must be properly secured at all times.
• The valve protection cap must always be on when cylinder is not connected to a regulator.
• Do not store full and empty cylinders together. Serious suck-back can occur when an empty cylinder is attached to a pressurized system.
• Move cylinders only with a suitable cart.
• Never tamper with safety devices in valves or cylinders - do not use teflon tape on regulators.
• Never attempt to lift or move cylinder by holding onto the collar at the top of the cylinder. The collar is not welded onto the cylinder and may dislodge.
• Compressed gas cylinders are potential rockets! Never drop a cylinder and prevent any violent collision with another object.
• The cylinder delivery pressure shall be set to zero before the main cylinder valve is closed.
• When returning empty cylinders close the valve before shipment - leave some positive pressure in the cylinder.
• Replace any valve outlet and protective caps originally shipped with cylinder. Mark "empty" or "M/T" with chalk and store in designated area for return.
• Return cylinders which are of no further use promptly to supplier even if only partially used.
• Never use a flame or subject any part of a compressed gas cylinder to high temperatures.
• Bond and ground all cylinders, lines and equipment used with flammable compressed gases.
• Use only in well ventilated areas - do not vent through window!
• Toxic, flammable and corrosive gases must be handled in a properly functioning hood.
• Purchase smallest quantity necessary in reusable cylinders.
• When discharging gas into a liquid, a trap or suitable check valve must be used to prevent liquid from re-entering the cylinder or regulator.
• Never interchange regulators intended to be used for different gases!
• Do not lubricate the high pressure side of an oxygen cylinder or cylinder containing other oxidizing agent.

19.2 CRYOGENS

The following hazards are associated with Cryogenics:

• Asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen (does not apply to liquid air and oxygen).
• Cracking of materials from cold.
• Frost bite.
• Explosion due to pressure build-up (i.e. in a cold tap).
• Condensation of oxygen and fuel (e.g. hydrocarbons) resulting in explosive mixtures.

Precautions for handling cryogens:

• Always wear a full face shield, impervious gloves and proper protective clothing.
• Use cryogens only in approved containers that are capable of with-standing the extreme cold without becoming brittle.
• Use and store in well ventilated areas.
• Properly label cryogenic material.
• Keep reactive cryogens away from sparks and flames.

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20. LEGISLATION

20.1 DESIGNATED SUBSTANCES

The following substances, if present in any amount in your laboratory, causes a legally required written assessment to determine the risk of exposure and health efffects be made. A draft of the assessment should be discussed by the Joint Health and Safety Committee. The use, handling, storage and exposure to these chemicals is strictly regulated by the Ontario Ministry of Labour. (see Designated Substances Regulations). Prior to working with any of these substances the appropriate regulation must be consulted.

• ACRYLONITRILE
• ARSENIC
• ASBESTOS
• BENZENE
• COKE OVEN EMISSIONS
• ETHYLENE OXIDE
• ISOCYANATES
• LEAD
• MERCURY
• SILICA
• VINYL CHLORIDE

Call your Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committee or The Department of Environmental Health and Safety for information.

20.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY LEGISLATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

The Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act (1978) and Regulations specifies rights and responsibilities of employers, supervisors and workers. Copies should be posted for your reference in your working area. They are available from the Bookstore. Contact your Safety Committee if they are not found in your work area.

The Act states that an employer must post a copy of the Act and any explanatory material prepared by the Ministry of Labour in the workplace. The "workplace" could be the departmental office.

It is your responsibility to perform the legal duties, as employees, supervisors or employer, in conformance with the obligations of this Act and its Regulations.

20.3 CHEMICAL INVENTORIES

The Faculty of Science and Faculty of Engineering requires the creation and maintenance of inventories of all hazardous materials and of all hazardous physical agents.

The inventories are to be prepared in consultation with the Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committees. The committees must have access to the inventory.

The Department of Environmental Health and Safety maintains the complete database of all hazardous materials on campus. Individual supervisors are responsible for updating the inventory on an annual basis, no later than the 1st day of February for the previous year. The updated version of the inventory must be provided to the Department of Environmental Health & Safety by January 1st of each year.

The following points are suggested for you to efficiently and quickly maintain an updated inventory:

• any new chemical that is purchased must be marked with the appropriate inventory identification scheme (i.e. red sticky dot) and added to your inventory database immediately.
• whenever chemical jars are disposed of, the records must be deleted from the inventory at the same time.
• please make sure that the appropriate changes are always made on all versions of the inventory, both paper copies and computer versions.

21. STORAGE OF CHEMICALS

21.1 LOCATION

Choose an area away from offices and emergency exits, if possible.

21.1.1 SECURITY

Only authorized personnel should have access to chemical storage area.

21.1.2 VENTILATION

In chemical storage areas ventilation should be at the ceiling and at the floor level to prevent buildup of vapours heavier than air. The area must be temperature controlled.

21.1.3 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR STORAGE OF CHEMICALS

1. Store according to chemical compatibilities, rather than in alphabetical order.
2. Incompatible chemicals should not be stored in close proximity to each other.
3. Separate the following groups from each other.
   • OXIDIZERS
   • WATER REACTIVES
   • FLAMMABLES
   • ACIDS
   • CAUSTICS (BASES)
4. Ensure all containers are in good condition and properly labelled.

21.2 COMPATIBLE CHEMICAL GROUPS

21.2.1 INORGANIC

1. metals, hydrides
2. halides, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, phosphates, halogens
3. amides, nitrates** (except ammonium nitrate), nitrites**, azides**, nitric acid
4. hydroxides, oxides, silicates, carbonates, carbon
5. sulfides, selenides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides
6. chlorates, perchlorates**, perchloric acid**, hypochlorites, peroxides**, hydrogen peroxide
7. arsenates, cyanides, cyanates
8. borates, chromates, manganates, permanganates
9. acids (except nitric)
10. sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, phosphorus pentoxide**

21.2.2 ORGANIC

1. acids, anhydrides, peracids
2. alcohols, glycols, amines, amides, imines, imides
3. hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes
4. ethers**, ketones, ketenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethylene oxide
5. epoxy compounds, isocyanates
6. peroxides, hydroperoxides, azides**
7. sulfides, polysulfides, nitriles
8. phenols, cresols

**These chemicals deserve special attention due to their potential instability.

21.3 INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS

The previously outlined storage scheme may not suffice to prevent the mixing of incompatible chemicals. Even chemicals of the same classification may form highly hazardous combinations. So always inform yourself by reading the label and the Material Safety Data Sheet carefully. For compatibility data more specialized literature may have to be consulted.

Following is a list of common incompatible chemicals.

Chemical	Incompatible With
Acetic Acid	Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates
Acetone	Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures, chlorinated solvent/alkali mixtures
Acetylene	Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury
Alkali & alkaline earth metals (such as powdered aluminum, or magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium)	Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens
Ammonia (anhydrous)	Mercury (in manometers, for example), chlorine, calcium hypo-chlorite, iodine, bromine, hydro-fluoric acid (anhydrous)
Ammonium nitrate	Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Aniline	Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide
Arsenical materials	Any reducing agent
Azides	Acids
Bromine	See chlorine
Calcium oxide	Water
Carbon (activated)	Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents
Carbon tetrachloride	Sodium
Chlorates	Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Chemical	Incompatible With
Chromic acid & chromium trioxide	Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general
Chlorine	Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine
Chlorine dioxide	Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide
Chloroform	Strong bases, ketones and strong base, alkaline metals, aluminum, strong oxidizers
Copper	Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide
Cumene hydroperoxide	Acids (organic or inorganic)
Cyanides	Acids
Flammable liquids	Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, halogens
Fluorine	Everything
Hydrocarbons (such as butane, propane, benzene)	Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide
Hydrocyanic acid	Nitric acid, alkali
Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)	Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)
Hydrogen peroxide	Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, combustible materials
Chemical	Incompatible With
Hydrogen sulfide	Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases
Hypochlorites	Acids, activated carbon
Iodine	Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen
Mercury	Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia
Nitrates	Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid (concentrated)	Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases,
Nitrites	Acids
Nitroparaffins	Inorganic bases, amines
Oxalic acid	Silver, mercury
Oxygen	Oils, grease, hydrogen; flammable liquids, solids or gases
Perchloric acid	Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, grease, oils
Peroxides, organic	Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold
Phosphorus (white)	Air, oxygen, alkalies, reducing agents
Potassium	Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water
Potassium chlorate	Sulfuric and other acids
Potassium perchlorate (see also chlorates)	Sulfuric and other acids
Chemical	Incompatible With
Potassium permanganate	Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid
Selenides	Reducing agents
Silver	Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium compounds, fulminic acid
Sodium	Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water
Sodium nitrite	Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts
Sodium peroxide	Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural
Sulfides	Acids
Sulfuric acid	Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium)
Tellurides	Reducing agents

21.4 SPECIFIC STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

21.4.1 UNSTABLE CHEMICALS - PEROXIDE FORMERS

Many chemicals, most notably ethers, may form explosive decomposition products.

Ethers, Liquid Paraffins and Olefins form peroxides especially in the presence of air and light. Some common examples include isopropyl ether, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane. Since most of these products have been packaged in an air atmosphere, peroxides can form even if the containers have not been opened.

21.4.2 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR PEROXIDE FORMERS

• Always date chemicals.
• Unopened containers of ethers should be discarded after one year, unless inhibitors have been added.
• Once opened, ethers should only be kept for 6 months maximum .
• Buy only necessary quantities.
• Never replace unused chemicals in the original container.
• Store in cool, dry, well ventilated areas.
• Keep away from sources of heat and shock. Avoid friction and impact.
• Ensure ethers are free of peroxides before distilling.

NOTE: There are specific tests available to check for the presence of peroxides. Test paper for peroxides is available in the A. Bourns Science Store.

21.5 HIGHLY TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC OR MUTAGENIC CHEMICALS

• It is recommended that these be stored under lock and key with limited access to authorized personnel only.

21.6 CORROSIVES

• If possible store in acid resistant cabinets or on polyethylene trays.
• Never store on high shelves.
• Keep away from heat sources to reduce evaporation rate and damage to expensive metal equipment.
• Keep away from metal containers.

21.7 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

• All flammables must be stored in FM or UL approved metal storage cabinets.
• Store only quantities actually needed.
• Keep cabinet doors closed at all times.
• Flammable liquids should only be stored in explosion-proof refrigerators if they must be kept cool.

21.8 EXPLOSIVES

• Only in smallest quantities and in especially designated areas.

21.9 WATER REACTIVES

• Protect water reactive chemicals from exposure to moisture or accidental contact with water.
• Do not store water reactive substances under the sink!

21.10 PERCHLORIC ACID (Concentrated, 70%)

• Store on glass or ceramic trays, that have enough volume to hold contents of bottle in case it breaks.
• Separate perchloric acid from sulfuric acid, organic material, and metals.
• Keep perchloric acid in storage area free from dust. Perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and reacts violently with dust.
• Perchloric acid should only be used in wash-down fumehoods of non-combustible construction.
• Organic chemicals and perchloric acid must never be used in the same fumehood.
• Before working with perchloric acid, inform yourself well of its properties.

22. RESOURCES FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Before working with any hazardous material read the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) carefully.

Find out how your area complies with the OHSA regulation for MSDS accessibility.

LOCATIONS AND ACCESSABILITY

1. Hard copies in individual labs.
2. Computerized MSDS collection on the university Remote Software Distribution System (RSDS). Contact the Information Technology and Services Department, extension 24357, for access to MSDS. Contact the Department of Environmental Health and Safety, extension 23314, for usage information.
3. Sigma-Aldrich complete database on computer in Thode Library.Inquire at the Reference Desk.
4. BDH - hard copies in Chemistry, Biology, Psychology, Material Science, Chemical Engineering and with Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Co-ordinator.
5. Department of Environmental Health & Safety.
6. Security Department - contact only in emergencies.
7. Fisher Scientific has a web site which contains MSDS. Their address http://www.fisher1.com/

Useful resource information regarding Occupational Health and Safety matters, as well as Environmental Issues may be obtained from the following sources:

1. Supervisors
2. Technicians
3. Joint Occupational Health & Safety Committee
4. Department of Environmental Health & Safety
5. Thode Library
6. Health Sciences Library - large section on Occupational Health
7. Occupational Health Program - Health Sciences
8. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, Hamilton
9. Ontario Ministry of Labour, Ministry of the Environment
10. Institute of Environment & Health, McMaster University

22.1 SOME SPECIFIC REFERENCES

These references may be borrowed from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety extension 23314.

1. Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, The American Chemical Society, 1990
2. Laboratory Safety Handbook, The Chemical Institute of Canada, 1987
3. Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Academy Press, 1981
4. Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals, David A. Pipitone, editor, 1984
5. Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations for Industrial Establishments, June 1991
6. Designated Substances in the Workplace: A General Guide to the Regulations
7. Hazardous Chemicals, Information and Disposal Guide, M. A. Armour, L. M. Browne, G. L. Weir, 1984
8. Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines, Health and Welfare Canada and Medical Research Council of Canada, 1990
9. Chemical Safety in the Laboratory, Stephen K. Hall, 1994
10. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 4th Edition, A. Keith Furr, 1995
11. Environmental Health and Safety Handbook, Xerox Research Centre of Canada, 2nd edition, 1988

22.2 VIDEO TAPES

• Flashpoint
• Hazardous Materials and Health & Safety at Work
• Part 2 - WHMIS
• Part 3 - Labels & MSDS
• Asbestos Presentation
• Practicing Safe Science
• General Precautions for Handling Human Blood, Body Fluids & Tissues
• Safety Care Bloodborne Pathogens
• Handling Hazardous Spills
• The Way We Work
• Office Safety: The Thrill Seek
• Practicing Safe Science
• Laser Safety Comes to Light
• Electrical Safety in the Laboratory
• Flammables & Explosives
• Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware
• Chemical Safety in the Laboratory
• Glassware Washing Hazards
• Chemical Storage Hazards
• Centrifugation Hazards
• Office Ergonomics - "Creating a Better Work Environment"
• Chemical Handling
• Due Diligence - Strategies for Senior Management
• Better Safe Than Sorry
• Get Your Checklist Ready - A Guide to Laboratory Safety Inspection
• Controlling Your Risks - HIV In the Research Laboratory
• Labour Canada WHMIS
• WHMIS (Italian)
• The TDG & WHMIS Video
• Hidden Hazards - Respiratory Protection for Welders
• What Everybody Should Know About Toxicology

CASSETTE TAPES

• The Internal Safety Rating System
• Health & Safety in Art Educations Parts 1 -5

 

 

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